Ventilation: A Must For Storage Rooms

does storage room need ventilation

Whether or not a storage room needs ventilation depends on what is being stored, how often the room is occupied, and the type of ventilation system in place.

For example, if the storage room contains hazardous materials, such as flammable liquids, then a ventilation system is required by the Occupational Safety and Health Standards. This could be a gravity or mechanical exhaust ventilation system, which provides a complete change of air within the room at least six times per hour.

On the other hand, if the storage room is only infrequently or briefly occupied and does not contain hazardous materials, then ventilation may not be necessary.

Additionally, the method of ventilation can vary depending on the specific use case. For instance, mechanical ventilation may not be suitable for rooms that are not regularly occupied, and natural ventilation may be preferred in certain situations.

Characteristics Values
Required by law Depends on the type of room and its contents
Type of ventilation Natural or mechanical
Frequency of room use If the room is only infrequently or briefly occupied, it does not require ventilation
Room temperature Cool, dry location out of any direct sunlight
Placement of chemicals Not above eye level
Ventilation rate At least six air changes per hour

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Mechanical vs natural ventilation

There are two general methods of ventilation: mechanical and natural. Both have their advantages and disadvantages, and the best system for a building will depend on its specific needs, available resources, and the cost of the system.

Mechanical Ventilation

Mechanical ventilation uses mechanical fans to drive air into or out of a room or building. Mechanical fans can be installed directly in windows or walls, or in air ducts. Mechanical ventilation systems are considered reliable in delivering the designed airflow rate, regardless of wind and ambient temperature. They can also be easily integrated into air-conditioning systems, allowing for control of indoor air temperature and humidity. Filtration systems can be installed in mechanical ventilation systems to remove harmful microorganisms, particulates, gases, odours, and vapours. The airflow path can also be controlled, allowing air to flow from areas with sources of contamination, such as a patient with an airborne infection, towards areas free of susceptible individuals. Mechanical ventilation can be used anywhere with access to electricity.

However, mechanical ventilation systems can be expensive to install and maintain. They often do not work as expected and normal operation may be interrupted due to equipment failure, utility service interruption, poor design, poor maintenance, or incorrect management. If the system services a critical facility and there is a need for continuous operation, all equipment may need to be backed up, which can be costly and unsustainable. Installation and maintenance costs for mechanical ventilation systems may be very high, and if the system cannot be properly installed or maintained due to a shortage of funds, its performance will be compromised.

Natural Ventilation

Natural ventilation uses natural forces such as wind and thermal buoyancy force to drive outdoor air through purpose-built openings in the building envelope, including windows, doors, solar chimneys, wind towers, and trickle ventilators. Natural ventilation can generally provide a high ventilation rate more economically, due to the use of natural forces and large openings. It can also be more energy-efficient, particularly if heating is not required. Well-designed natural ventilation systems can also provide access to higher levels of daylight. Natural ventilation is typically easier to manage and is cost-free.

However, natural ventilation is variable and depends on outside climatic conditions relative to the indoor environment. The airflow rate generated by wind and temperature difference can vary, and natural ventilation may be difficult to control, with airflow being uncomfortably high in some locations and stagnant in others. There is also a possibility of having a low air-change rate during certain unfavourable climate conditions. Controlling the airflow direction can be challenging due to the absence of a well-sustained negative pressure, which can result in the contamination of corridors and adjacent rooms. Natural ventilation also precludes the use of particulate filters and may not be suitable in climates where windows and vents need to remain closed due to cold temperatures, noise, pollution, or security concerns. Natural ventilation systems often do not work as expected and normal operation can be interrupted due to windows or doors being closed, equipment failure, utility service interruption, poor design, poor maintenance, or incorrect management.

Hybrid Ventilation

Hybrid (mixed-mode) ventilation relies on natural driving forces but uses mechanical ventilation when the natural ventilation flow rate is too low. This type of system can be beneficial in buildings where natural ventilation alone is not suitable, such as in rooms housing patients with airborne infections. However, hybrid ventilation systems can be challenging to install and may result in increased temperature in the room, noise, and the requirement for a constant electricity supply.

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Ventilation requirements for flammable liquids

Flammable liquids are dangerous goods that require careful storage and handling to control potential risks. Flammable vapours, which are highly volatile, can quickly spread throughout a workplace and escape into the natural environment, so a key risk control measure is to install a ventilation system. Ventilation systems allow hazardous vapours to be safely extracted and dispersed.

In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) provides guidelines for the storage and handling of flammable liquids. According to OSHA, every inside storage room for flammable liquids shall be provided with either a gravity or a mechanical exhaust ventilation system. This system should provide for a complete change of air within the room at least six times per hour. If a mechanical exhaust system is used, it should be controlled by a switch located outside the door, along with any lighting fixtures.

Additionally, specific precautions should be taken during the filling and transfer of flammable liquids. For instance, during the transfer of flammable liquids from one tank or container to another, adequate natural or mechanical ventilation should be provided to maintain the concentration of flammable vapour at or below 10% of the lower flammable limit.

Furthermore, electrical equipment and wiring located in inside storage rooms for flammable liquids should be approved for Class I, Division 1 or 2 Hazardous Locations, depending on the flashpoint of the liquids.

To summarise, the ventilation requirements for flammable liquids include the installation of exhaust ventilation systems, maintaining air changes, using appropriate electrical equipment, and providing adequate ventilation during transfers. These measures help to control and minimise the risks associated with flammable liquids and their vapours.

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Toxic chemical storage ventilation

Ventilation is crucial for the safe storage of toxic chemicals, as it helps to prevent the buildup of harmful vapors and fumes. Here are some detailed guidelines and instructions for toxic chemical storage ventilation:

Types of Ventilation

Ventilation Requirements

When designing a ventilation system for toxic chemical storage, it is essential to ensure that the concentration of toxic substances in the breathing zone of individuals working in the area is minimized. The ventilation system should be designed to safely disperse vapors, fumes, or dust outside the building, away from ignition sources and areas where people congregate.

Ventilation Rate and Frequency

Mechanical ventilation systems for toxic chemical storage typically aim for a minimum of six air changes per hour, with a rate of at least one cubic foot per minute. This helps maintain a sufficient oxygen level within the storage area and prevents the accumulation of toxic fumes.

Ducting and Piping

The ventilation ducting for toxic chemical storage should provide the same level of protection as the storage container itself. For example, if flammable chemicals are being stored, steel piping is recommended over PVC as it can withstand higher temperatures in the event of a fire.

Explosion Proofing

If there is a risk of flammable or explosive fumes, it is crucial to implement explosion-proof mechanical ventilation. This type of ventilation isolates the motor of the ventilation system from contaminants in the building to prevent accidental explosions.

Corrosion Resistance

When storing corrosive chemicals, it is essential to use mechanical fans with corrosion-resistant blades and shrouds. The ventilation ducting should also provide the same level of corrosion protection as the storage container to prevent damage from corrosive vapors or fumes.

Gravity Ventilation

Gravity ventilation is a simple method that involves a single opening in the lower wall of the storage area. This opening allows the natural rise of fumes to be pulled out of the room using gravity rather than mechanical assistance. While less complicated, this method may not be as effective as mechanical ventilation for toxic chemical storage.

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Corrosive chemical storage ventilation

Proper ventilation is crucial for the safe storage of chemicals, especially corrosive ones. Corrosive chemical storage ventilation involves moving air in and out of the storage area to eliminate harmful fumes, vapours, and dust. Here are some detailed guidelines for designing and maintaining an effective ventilation system for corrosive chemicals:

Location and Environment

The location of your storage room is crucial for effective ventilation. Choose a cool, dry area away from direct sunlight and any sources of heat or ignition. Fluctuating temperatures can increase vapour emissions, overwhelming your ventilation system. Ensure the storage area is well-organised, with chemicals stored at eye level or below for easy identification and access. Segregate corrosive chemicals from other substances, especially those with different ventilation needs or that could interact dangerously.

Ventilation System Requirements

Mechanical exhaust ventilation systems should provide a minimum of six air changes per hour. If processes like dispensing occur within the storage area, additional local exhaust systems are necessary. Corrosive chemical storage requires special attention to the materials used in the ventilation system. Invest in corrosion-resistant options to prevent rapid deterioration. This is crucial for metal fans used to disperse corrosive vapours, gases, and mists, as well as the ventilation ducting that contains and transports them.

Cabinet and Ductwork Considerations

Corrosive chemicals should be stored in dedicated cabinets made from corrosion-resistant materials. In the event of a fire, these cabinets should be designed to contain the blaze and prevent its spread. When storing flammable materials, ensure the ventilation system prioritises directing fumes outside, away from heat sources, ignition sources, and areas where people congregate. Consider potential ignition sources beyond open flames, such as sparks from mechanical fans or electrical failures. Use non-sparking fan blades and shrouds, and routinely inspect and maintain electrical components.

Flammable Vapour Extraction

Remember that flammable vapours are denser than air and tend to accumulate on the floor. Design your ventilation system accordingly, with low-mounted extraction systems to effectively remove these dense vapours from the storage room. Avoid using PVC piping, as it cannot handle extreme temperatures and will fail in the event of a fire. Steel or stainless steel pipes are recommended for their durability, corrosion resistance, and ease of cleaning.

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Flammable chemical storage ventilation

Ventilation is an important aspect of chemical storage, especially when it comes to flammable substances. Here are some detailed guidelines and instructions for ensuring proper ventilation in flammable chemical storage areas:

Understanding Flammable Vapours

Flammable liquids emit flammable vapours at temperatures below 60°C, as defined by the Australian Dangerous Goods (ADG) code. These vapours pose a wide range of hazards, including human harm, fire, explosion, and environmental damage. Therefore, it is crucial to control these vapours effectively to minimise risks.

Ventilation Requirements for Flammable Storage

The Australian Standard AS 1940:2017 – The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids provides guidelines for ventilation in flammable storage areas. While this standard does not mandate ventilation, it states that if ventilation is installed, it should be designed to prevent vapours from escaping into any room. Any ventilation exhaust should be directed to the outside atmosphere, away from ignition sources and areas where people congregate.

Additionally, workplace exposure standards should be considered. These standards identify hazardous substances and their legal airborne concentration limits. If the concentration of flammable vapours in the workplace exceeds these limits, a ventilation system is required to reduce the concentration and ensure the safety of staff.

Mechanical Ventilation for Flammable Chemicals

Mechanical ventilation is often necessary for chemicals that produce flammable or explosive fumes, as well as for storage areas used for mixing and dispensing flammables. Explosion-proof mechanical ventilation systems isolate the motor from contaminants to prevent explosions. These systems perform a minimum of six air changes per hour at a rate of no less than 1 cubic foot per minute.

For non-explosive or non-flammable chemical inventory, non-explosion-proof mechanical ventilation can be used. These systems maintain an airflow of 1 CFM/SQFT and also perform a minimum of six air changes per hour.

Design and Construction Considerations

When designing and constructing a ventilation system for flammable chemical storage, several factors must be considered:

  • The ventilation system should be designed by a qualified engineer and comply with relevant standards, such as AS/NZS - 1668.2-2002 – The use of ventilation and air conditioning in buildings (part 2).
  • The air inlet should be attached to the vent port at the top of the cabinet, and an exhaust fan should extract vapours from the bottom vent port, as most dangerous vapours are heavier than air and reside at the bottom.
  • The ventilation system should not be linked to multiple cabinets to prevent the mixing of incompatible vapours, which could result in violent reactions.
  • The ventilation duct should not be smaller than the size of the venting opening on the cabinet.
  • The structural integrity of the cabinet should not be compromised by the ventilation system.

Passive Ventilation for Non-Hazardous Chemicals

For chemicals that do not produce hazardous vapours or debris, passive ventilation can be utilised. Passive vents allow a steady flow of air in and out of the storage building without mechanical assistance, creating a natural airflow. Vent openings are equipped with screens and louvers to prevent animal entry and provide weather resistance.

General Guidelines for Flammable Chemical Storage

In addition to proper ventilation, there are several general guidelines to ensure the safe storage of flammable chemicals:

  • Chemical storage cabinets should be placed in a cool, dry location, away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and ignition sources.
  • Temperature fluctuations can increase vapour emissions, so a stable temperature is important.
  • The design of vent openings should not compromise the structural strength of the cabinet.
  • Ventilation ducting should provide the same level of fire protection as the cabinet walls and be resistant to vapours, fumes, and dust. Steel piping is recommended for cabinets containing flammable chemicals, while PVC piping should be avoided.
  • Flammable vapours are denser than air, so the extraction system should ensure the removal of vapours at low levels as well.

Frequently asked questions

Yes, storage rooms need to be ventilated, but the type of ventilation system depends on the room's usage and occupancy.

A storeroom that is only infrequently or briefly occupied does not require ventilation. However, if people are expected to remain there for an extended period for clean-up or inventory, the room must be ventilated, preferably with systems controlled by a local switch so that the ventilation system operates only when the space is occupied.

Every storage room that contains hazardous materials shall be provided with either a gravity or a mechanical exhaust ventilation system. Such a system should be designed to provide for a complete change of air within the room at least six times per hour.

For the safest conditions, the ventilation system should facilitate the safe disposal of toxic vapors, fumes, or micro-substances without ever letting them enter the storage room. Cabinets should be vented outside of the building into the external atmosphere.

For corrosive chemical storage, it is important to invest in corrosion-resistant materials for your ventilation system, especially for metal fans and ventilation ducting.

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